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Operators & Expressions

Java Program: Demonstrate bitwise operators (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>)

class BitwiseOperatorsDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
 
        int a = 5;   // Binary: 0101
        int b = 3;   // Binary: 0011
 
        System.out.println("a = " + a);
        System.out.println("b = " + b);
 
        // Bitwise AND
        System.out.println("a & b = " + (a & b));
 
        // Bitwise OR
        System.out.println("a | b = " + (a | b));
 
        // Bitwise XOR
        System.out.println("a ^ b = " + (a ^ b));
 
        // Bitwise NOT
        System.out.println("~a = " + (~a));
 
        // Left Shift
        System.out.println("a << 1 = " + (a << 1));
 
        // Right Shift
        System.out.println("a >> 1 = " + (a >> 1));
    }
}

OUTPUT :
a = 5
b = 3
a & b = 1
a | b = 7
a ^ b = 6
~a = -6
a << 1 = 10
a >> 1 = 2

Explanation

Binary Representation

a = 5  → 0101

b = 3  → 0011

1. Bitwise AND (&)

a & b

0101

0011

----

0001  → 1

✔ Result is 1
✔ Bit is 1 only if both bits are 1

2. Bitwise OR (|)

a | b

0101

0011

----

0111  → 7

✔ Result is 7
✔ Bit is 1 if any one bit is 1

3. Bitwise XOR (^)

a ^ b

0101

0011

----

0110  → 6

✔ Result is 6
✔ Bit is 1 if bits are different

4. Bitwise NOT (~)

~a

a  =  00000000 00000000 00000000 00000101

~a =  11111111 11111111 11111111 11111010

✔ Result is -6
✔ Formula: ~n = -(n + 1)

5. Left Shift (<<)

a << 1

0101 << 1 → 1010  → 10

✔ Multiplies the number by 2

6. Right Shift (>>)

a >> 1

0101 >> 1 → 0010 → 2

✔ Divides the number by 2

✅ Summary Table

✅ Key Learning Points

✔ Bitwise operators work on binary data
✔ Used in low-level programming, encryption, graphics, and performance optimization
✔ ~ gives negative result due to 2’s complement representation